This indicator measures the estimated number of new and relapsed tuberculosis cases occurring per 100,000 people in a given population over a ten-year period. TB incidence reflects the level of active disease transmission and the underlying burden of infection within a community over the course of a decade. Monitoring TB incidence rates over 10-year periods helps identify long-term epidemiological trends, evaluate the sustained impact of TB control programs (such as contact tracing, preventive therapy, and treatment initiatives), assess progress toward elimination targets, and guide strategic resource allocation for case finding, surveillance, and health system strengthening to reduce TB transmission across generations.